Tarombo: Journal of Christian Theology, Education, and Ministry
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description: Tarombo: Journal of Christian Theology, Education, and Ministry (JCTM) adalah jurnal ilmiah multidisipliner yang berfokus pada kajian teologi Kristen, pendidikan Kristen, pelayanan gerejawi, dan pengembangan iman dalam konteks lokal maupun global. Jurnal ini bertujuan menjadi wadah akademik bagi para peneliti, teolog, pendidik, praktisi pelayanan, dan akademisi untuk mempublikasikan hasil penelitian yang berkualitas, relevan, dan kontekstual. Jurnal ini menekankan integrasi antara teologi Kristen, pendidikan, dan pelayanan dalam menjawab dinamika kehidupan gereja, masyarakat, budaya, teknologi, dan perubahan zaman. Tarombo JCTM berupaya mendorong pengembangan pemikiran teologis yang alkitabiah, kontekstual, kritis, aplikatif, dan transformatif bagi gereja, lembaga pendidikan, dan masyarakat luas.
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publication name: Tarombo: Journal of Christian Theology, Education, and Ministry
items: MENELADANI KEPEMIMPINAN BAPA: ANTARA KEADILAN DAN KASIH BAGI ANAK SULUNG BERDASARKAN LUKAS 15:11–32
items: MODEL PEMURIDAN PELAJAR BERBASIS KOMUNITAS: STUDI PADA PELAYANAN PELAJAR DI TANGERANG
items: PENGINJILAN KONTEKSTUAL DAN PENANAMAN GEREJA RUMAH DI KAMBOJA PASCA-TRAUMA SOSIAL
items: REKONSTRUKSI MODEL PEMURIDAN KONTEKSTUAL DALAM PELAYANAN MISI DI KAMBOJA
items: KEPASTIAN TEOLOGIS DALAM DOA: STUDI EKSEGETIS KUALITATIF ATAS 1 YOHANES 5:14–15 DALAM KERANGKA KEHENDAK ILAHI DAN JAMINAN IMAN
items: Peran Gereja di dalam Krisis Kebangsaan: Studi Teologis dan Sosial dalam Konteks Indonesia
items: IMAGO DEI DI BAWAH CENGKERAMAN DEHUMANISASI DIGITAL: STUDI KRITIS TEOLOGIS-ANTROPOLOGIS TENTANG DAMPAK KECERDASAN BUATAN TERHADAP MARTABAT MANUSIA DARI PERSPEKTIF TEOLOGI REFORMASI
items: PENDALAMAN PENGUASAAN APOLOGETIKA KRISTEN: INTEGRASI KAJIAN TEOLOGIS, BIBLIKA, DAN HISTORIS DALAM PEMBELAAN IMAN KRISTEN
items: IMAN SEPERTI BIJI SESAWI: ANALISIS TEOLOGIS-EKSEGETIS MATIUS 17:20 DAN KONSEP “MEMINDAHKAN GUNUNG”

MENELADANI KEPEMIMPINAN BAPA: ANTARA KEADILAN DAN KASIH BAGI ANAK SULUNG BERDASARKAN LUKAS 15:11–32
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description: This study examines the leadership model of the father in Luke 15:11–32, focusing on the often-overlooked perspective of the elder son. While existing scholarship predominantly centers on the prodigal son, the elder son’s experience of faithfulness and perceived neglect presents a critical tension for leaders balancing justice and mercy. The research addresses the problem of dichotomous leadership in religious and social organizations, where leaders struggle to integrate procedural fairness with relational compassion. Employing a qualitative hermeneutic approach to the biblical narrative and a critical review of leadership theories—including transformational, servant, organizational justice, and agape love frameworks—the study identifies a research gap in integrative models. The novelty lies in proposing the Parental Justice-Mercy Integration (PJMI) Framework, which synthesizes three dimensions: restorative justice, unconditional love, and recognition of faithfulness. Preliminary analysis suggests that the father’s simultaneous affirmation of the elder son’s loyalty (Luke 15:31) and restoration of the younger son demonstrates a non-dichotomous leadership model. This framework offers a contextual contribution for Christian leaders in Indonesia facing cultural pressures of paternalism, providing a practical tool to navigate justice-mercy tensions without sacrificing either principle. Keywords: leadership; justice; mercy; elder son; Luke 15; PJMI Framework ABSTRAK Penelitian ini mengkaji model kepemimpinan Bapa dalam Lukas 15:11–32, dengan fokus pada perspektif anak sulung yang sering terabaikan. Sementara studi sebelumnya mayoritas berpusat pada anak bungsu, pengalaman anak sulung tentang kesetiaan dan perasaan tidak dihargai menghadirkan ketegangan kritis bagi pemimpin yang menyeimbangkan keadilan dan kasih. Penelitian ini menjawab masalah kepemimpinan dikotomis di organisasi keagamaan dan sosial, di mana pemimpin kesulitan mengintegrasikan keadilan prosedural dengan…
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creator: Yustina Miyarti
rights: Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Tarombo: Journal of Christian Theology, Education, and Ministry
date: 2026-05-26
publication date: 2026-05-26

MODEL PEMURIDAN PELAJAR BERBASIS KOMUNITAS: STUDI PADA PELAYANAN PELAJAR DI TANGERANG
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description: ABSTRACT This study addresses the failure of existing discipleship models to sustain active participation and faith retention among urban students in Tangerang, Indonesia, where high academic pressure, social fragmentation, and secularization undermine individualistic approaches. Employing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, the research synthesizes findings from theology, community sociology, and adolescent psychology to identify key themes and critique current models. The main results reveal three critical gaps: theoretical (Western-centric discipleship and sense of community frameworks ignore Asian collectivist and hierarchical contexts), empirical (no systematic study on community-based discipleship for Indonesian students), and methodological (fragmented qualitative studies lacking rigorous synthesis). The novelty lies in proposing the Community-Based Discipleship Framework for Urban Youth (CBD-UY), which integrates McMillan and Chavis’s sense of community, Lickona’s character formation, and Gotham’s urban context theory. Unlike existing models, CBD-UY positions community as a safe “third space” for identity exploration and spiritual resilience, with leaders as facilitators rather than sole authorities. This framework contributes a contextualized, testable alternative for urban youth discipleship in Indonesia, addressing the need for holistic, relational approaches beyond doctrinal transfer. Keywords: community-based discipleship; urban youth; faith retention; Indonesia; Systematic Literature Review ABSTRAK Penelitian ini menyoroti kegagalan model pemuridan yang ada dalam mempertahankan partisipasi aktif dan retensi iman pelajar urban di Tangerang, Indonesia, di mana tekanan akademik tinggi, fragmentasi sosial, dan sekularisasi melemahkan pendekatan individualistik. Menggunakan metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR), penelitian ini mensintesis temuan dari teologi praktika, sosiologi komunitas, dan psikologi perkembangan remaja untuk mengidentifikasi…
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creator: Kelly Glenny Kereh
rights: Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Tarombo: Journal of Christian Theology, Education, and Ministry
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16

PENGINJILAN KONTEKSTUAL DAN PENANAMAN GEREJA RUMAH DI KAMBOJA PASCA-TRAUMA SOSIAL
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description: ABSTRACT This study addresses the ineffectiveness of conventional propositional evangelism in post-genocide Cambodia, where the Khmer Rouge regime (1975–1979) caused the deaths of 1.7 to 2.5 million people and destroyed social trust. Despite decades of missionary efforts, Christians comprise less than 2% of Cambodia’s population, indicating a critical need for trauma-sensitive approaches. The research identifies a gap in integrating missiology, trauma psychology, and contextual ecclesiology, particularly regarding house churches as therapeutic spaces. Using a qualitative literature review and critical analysis of existing frameworks—including Hiebert’s critical contextualization, Zdero’s house church ecclesiology, and Van der Kolk’s trauma theory—this study develops the Post-Trauma Contextual Evangelism and House Church Planting Framework (PCE-HCP Framework). The novelty lies in positioning trauma as a theological starting point rather than an obstacle, articulating house churches as communal therapeutic spaces, and offering specific contextualization criteria for post-trauma societies. The framework integrates three pillars: contextualization principles, house church ecclesiology, and collective trauma recovery. This research contributes both academically, by filling the lacuna in Cambodian missiological studies, and practically, by providing a model for evangelism in post-trauma contexts across Southeast Asia. Keywords: contextual evangelism; house church; post-trauma society; Cambodia; missiology ABSTRAK Penelitian ini mengatasi ketidakefektifan penginjilan konvensional yang bersifat propositional di Kamboja pasca-genosida, di mana rezim Khmer Merah (1975–1979) menyebabkan kematian 1,7 hingga 2,5 juta jiwa dan menghancurkan kepercayaan sosial. Meskipun upaya misi telah berlangsung puluhan tahun, umat Kristen kurang dari 2% dari total populasi Kamboja, menunjukkan kebutuhan mendesak akan pendekatan yang sensitif terhadap trauma. Studi ini mengidentifikasi kesenjan…
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creator: Markus Dwinanta
rights: Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Tarombo: Journal of Christian Theology, Education, and Ministry
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16

REKONSTRUKSI MODEL PEMURIDAN KONTEKSTUAL DALAM PELAYANAN MISI DI KAMBOJA
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description: ABSTRACT This study addresses the failure of Western-derived discipleship models in Cambodia, a post-conflict context marked by collective trauma, Theravada Buddhist-animist syncretism, and high collectivism. Despite initial conversions, anecdotal reports indicate low retention and persistent syncretic practices, yet systematic data on retention rates remain unavailable. The research gap lies in the absence of an integrated model that combines trauma healing, collective identity reconstruction, and narrative approaches for Southeast Asian mission fields. Through a systematic literature review synthesizing missiology, cultural anthropology, and social psychology, this study critiques existing frameworks—such as Hiebert’s critical contextualization and Kraft’s dynamic equivalence—for their cognitive bias and neglect of affective and social dimensions. The novelty is the Contextual Discipleship Reconstruction Framework (CDRF), a three-layered model: incarnational theology, Cambodian cultural anthropology (collectivism, syncretism), and post-traumatic social psychology. CDRF offers a testable framework that bridges theoretical gaps and provides practical guidance for mission practitioners and curriculum developers in Cambodia and analogous contexts. The study contributes to missiological theory by proposing an empirically verifiable model specific to post-conflict, syncretic societies. Keywords: contextual discipleship; Cambodia mission; trauma healing; syncretism; collective identity ABSTRAK Penelitian ini mengatasi kegagalan model pemuridan yang berasal dari Barat di Kamboja, konteks pasca-konflik yang ditandai trauma kolektif, sinkretisme Buddha Theravada-animisme, dan kolektivisme tinggi. Meskipun terjadi pertobatan awal, laporan anekdotal menunjukkan retensi rendah dan praktik sinkretis yang menetap, namun data sistematis mengenai tingkat retensi belum tersedia. Kesenjangan penelitian terletak pada ketiadaan model terintegrasi yang menggabungkan penyembuhan trauma,…
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creator: Elly Rinawati
rights: Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Tarombo: Journal of Christian Theology, Education, and Ministry
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16

KEPASTIAN TEOLOGIS DALAM DOA: STUDI EKSEGETIS KUALITATIF ATAS 1 YOHANES 5:14–15 DALAM KERANGKA KEHENDAK ILAHI DAN JAMINAN IMAN
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description: ABSTRACT The problem of unanswered prayer remains one of the most persistent theological and pastoral challenges in Christian spirituality. While believers affirm that God hears prayer, the discrepancy between expectation and outcome often produces doubt and theological confusion. This study examines 1 John 5:14–15 as a key Johannine text that articulates a theology of prayer grounded not in human control but in divine will and relational assurance. Using a qualitative theological approach that integrates textual-exegetical analysis, biblical-theological interpretation, and systematic-theological synthesis, this study explores the meaning of parrēsia (confidence), the role of divine will, and the epistemological structure of faith assurance within the passage. The findings indicate that prayer in Johannine theology is covenantal, regulated by divine will, and sustained by trust in God’s character rather than empirical outcomes (Stott, 1988; Kruse, 2000). This study proposes a theological alignment model consisting of divine sovereignty, human petition, faith assurance, and epistemological limitation as interrelated dimensions. It argues that certainty in prayer is not derived from visible results but from the ontological reliability of God. The study concludes that prayer is not a mechanism for controlling divine action but a transformative participation in God’s will, shaping believers toward spiritual maturity and relational trust (Keller, 2014; Willard, 1998). Keywords: Prayer, 1 John, divine will, faith assurance, Johannine theology, spiritual formation ABSTRAK Masalah doa yang tidak terjawab tetap menjadi salah satu tantangan teologis dan pastoral yang paling kuat dalam spiritualitas Kristen. Meskipun orang percaya meyakini bahwa Allah mendengar doa, ketidaksesuaian antara harapan dan kenyataan sering menimbulkan keraguan dan kebingungan teologis. Penelitian ini mengkaji 1 Yohanes 5:14–15 sebagai teks kunci Yohanes yang merumuskan teologi doa yang berakar bukan…
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creator: Yonathan Suliono
creator: Adi Prasetyo Wibowo
rights: Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Tarombo: Journal of Christian Theology, Education, and Ministry
date: 2026-04-26
publication date: 2026-04-26

Peran Gereja di dalam Krisis Kebangsaan: Studi Teologis dan Sosial dalam Konteks Indonesia
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description: ABSTRACT National crises in Indonesia, including social conflict, political polarization, economic inequality, and moral degradation, require active involvement from various societal elements, including the church. This study aims to analyze the role of the church in responding to national crises from both theological and practical perspectives. The method used is qualitative research through a literature study approach, biblical-theological analysis, comparative theological analysis, and a conceptual-analytical framework. The findings indicate that the church plays a strategic role as an agent of social transformation through strengthening moral values, fostering social reconciliation, providing diaconal services, and delivering contextual faith education. The church functions not only as a religious institution but also as a community that brings hope, justice, and peace amid crisis situations. This study offers an integrative theological framework that connects biblical, theological, and social dimensions of the church’s role in responding to national crises. Keywords: Church, National Crisis, Social Theology, Transformation, Indonesia ABSTRAK Krisis nasional di Indonesia, termasuk konflik sosial, polarisasi politik, ketimpangan ekonomi, dan degradasi moral, menuntut keterlibatan aktif dari berbagai elemen masyarakat, termasuk gereja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran gereja dalam merespons krisis nasional dari perspektif teologis dan praktis. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif melalui pendekatan studi literatur, analisis biblika-teologis, analisis teologis komparatif, serta kerangka analisis konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gereja memiliki peran strategis sebagai agen transformasi sosial melalui penguatan nilai-nilai moral, pembangunan rekonsiliasi sosial, penyediaan pelayanan diakonia, serta penyelenggaraan pendidikan iman yang kontekstual. Gereja berfungsi tidak hanya sebagai institusi keagamaan, tetapi juga sebaga…
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creator: Rinawati
creator: Oktapianus Pariantak
creator: Suranto
rights: Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Tarombo: Journal of Christian Theology, Education, and Ministry
date: 2026-04-26
publication date: 2026-04-26

IMAGO DEI DI BAWAH CENGKERAMAN DEHUMANISASI DIGITAL: STUDI KRITIS TEOLOGIS-ANTROPOLOGIS TENTANG DAMPAK KECERDASAN BUATAN TERHADAP MARTABAT MANUSIA DARI PERSPEKTIF TEOLOGI REFORMASI
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description: ABSTRACT The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly reshaped human life, extending beyond technological transformation into anthropological and ethical domains. While AI enhances efficiency and expands human capability, it simultaneously raises critical concerns regarding the erosion of human dignity. This study aims to examine the impact of AI on human dignity through the lens of theological anthropology, particularly the doctrine of Imago Dei. Employing a qualitative theological method combined with critical analysis, this research engages biblical texts, Reformed theological traditions, and contemporary discourse on AI ethics. The findings reveal that AI, when detached from a theologically grounded understanding of humanity, tends to reduce human beings into data-driven entities, thereby contributing to digital dehumanization (Bostrom, 2014; Noble, 2018; West et al., 2019). This reductionism contradicts the biblical affirmation that humans are created in the image of God, possessing inherent dignity, relationality, and moral responsibility (Calvin, 1960; Hoekema, 1986; Kilner, 2015). This study concludes that AI must be critically engaged within a theological framework that preserves human dignity. A Reformed perspective provides a robust foundation for resisting technological determinism and reasserting the primacy of Imago Dei in the digital age. Keywords: Imago Dei, Artificial Intelligence, Human Dignity, Digital Dehumanization, Theological Anthropology, Reformed Theology ABSTRAK Perkembangan pesat Kecerdasan Buatan (Artificial Intelligence/AI) telah secara signifikan membentuk ulang kehidupan manusia, melampaui sekadar transformasi teknologi ke dalam ranah antropologis dan etis. Meskipun AI meningkatkan efisiensi dan memperluas kapasitas manusia, pada saat yang sama ia memunculkan kekhawatiran serius terkait dengan erosi martabat manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak AI terhadap martabat manusia melalui perspekti…
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creator: Erwin T Flejer Siagian
rights: Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Tarombo: Journal of Christian Theology, Education, and Ministry
date: 2026-04-26
publication date: 2026-04-26

PENDALAMAN PENGUASAAN APOLOGETIKA KRISTEN: INTEGRASI KAJIAN TEOLOGIS, BIBLIKA, DAN HISTORIS DALAM PEMBELAAN IMAN KRISTEN
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description: ABSTRACT Christian apologetics plays an important role in strengthening believers’ faith and equipping them to respond to intellectual, theological, and cultural challenges. In contemporary contexts, apologetics is often reduced to argumentative defense, while its deeper function as theological formation, biblical grounding, and historical witness is frequently neglected. This study examines the deepening mastery of Christian apologetics through an integrated theological, biblical, and historical framework. Using a qualitative theological-conceptual method, this research analyzes the theological foundations of apologetics, biblical mandates for defending the faith, and the historical development of apologetic thought in the Christian tradition. The findings show that Christian apologetics should not be understood merely as rational defense, but as a holistic discipline that integrates truth, faithfulness, humility, and witness. This study contributes a conceptual framework for apologetics that is biblically grounded, theologically coherent, historically informed, and practically relevant for the church, theological education, and Christian public engagement. The original contribution of this study lies in proposing an integrative theological-biblical-historical model that positions Christian apologetics not merely as rational defense, but as a formative framework for faith, witness, and public engagement. Keywords: Christian apologetics, theology, biblical studies, church history, faith defense ABSTRAK Apologetika Kristen memiliki peran penting dalam memperkuat iman orang percaya dan memperlengkapi mereka untuk menghadapi tantangan intelektual, teologis, dan kultural. Dalam konteks kontemporer, apologetika sering kali direduksi hanya sebagai pembelaan argumentatif, sementara fungsi yang lebih mendalam sebagai pembentukan teologis, penguatan biblika, dan kesaksian historis sering terabaikan. Penelitian ini mengkaji pendalaman penguasaan apologetika Kristen melalui in…
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creator: Warrti
rights: Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Tarombo: Journal of Christian Theology, Education, and Ministry
date: 2026-04-26
publication date: 2026-04-26

IMAN SEPERTI BIJI SESAWI: ANALISIS TEOLOGIS-EKSEGETIS MATIUS 17:20 DAN KONSEP “MEMINDAHKAN GUNUNG”
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description: ABSTRACT Matthew 17:20 is one of the most frequently cited yet most frequently misunderstood statements of Jesus. The declaration that faith as small as a mustard seed can move mountains is often interpreted either as a literal promise of supernatural power or as a formula for achieving extraordinary personal results. This study re-examines the passage through a qualitative theological-exegetical approach by focusing on its literary context, symbolic structure, and theological implications within the Gospel of Matthew. The analysis demonstrates that Jesus does not present faith as a quantifiable spiritual force but as authentic dependence upon God. In its immediate context, the statement functions as a correction of the disciples’ failure and misplaced reliance rather than as an endorsement of spiritual spectacle. The metaphor of the mustard seed emphasizes smallness, life, and growth, while the mountain symbolizes what appears impossible from a human perspective. Accordingly, “moving mountains” should be understood primarily as a theological metaphor for overcoming spiritual, existential, and redemptive barriers through divine power. This study proposes a multidimensional interpretive framework consisting of descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, and prescriptive dimensions to account for the complexity of the passage. By doing so, the article contributes to biblical theology, discipleship studies, and pastoral theology by offering a more coherent and non-reductionist understanding of faith in Matthew 17:20 (Carson 1995; France 2007; Keener 2009; Osborne 2010). Keywords: faith, mustard seed, Matthew 17:20, biblical theology, spiritual formation, mountain metaphor ABSTRAK Matius 17:20 merupakan salah satu pernyataan Yesus yang paling sering dikutip namun juga paling sering disalahpahami. Pernyataan bahwa iman sebesar biji sesawi dapat memindahkan gunung sering ditafsirkan baik sebagai janji literal tentang kuasa supranatural maupun sebagai formula untuk mencapai hasil…
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creator: Stasha Diva Sudijanto
creator: Agus Suhariono
creator: Adi Prasetyo Wibowo
rights: Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Tarombo: Journal of Christian Theology, Education, and Ministry
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01